A Pioneer in Family Planning

A new exhibition honors John C. Rock, the Harvard Medical School professor whose research and advocacy were instrumental in the development of modern fertility treatments and contraception.

From The May-June 2009 Issue

The Rythmeter, circa 1944, came with a more complicated set of instructions than the earlier “scientific prediction dial” (see next image), reflecting increasingly precise knowledge of human reproduction—knowledge that Rock played no small part in advancing.

Rock would have given this device, or a similar one, to patients in his early days at the Rhythm Clinic, which he founded in 1936 at the Free Hospital for Women (now Brigham and Women’s Hospital). At the time, the rhythm method was the only legal form of birth control in Massachusetts.

Rock and his Harvard Medical School colleague Arthur Hertig filled in gaps in knowledge about human reproduction by documenting the first 17 days after fertilization, using 34 fertilized ova removed from patients who were undergoing hysterectomies and consented to inclusion in this research. This stereopticon card from 1938 shows an embryo 11 days after fertilization.

Rock, Hertig, and laboratory assistant Miriam Menkin conducted the first successful in vitro fertilization in 1944; this image shows the fertilized ovum from that experiment. (Research on in vitro fertilization was banned for a time in the United States; the first in vitro baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978.)

Courtesy of the Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine

Enovid was the first FDA-approved hormone treatment for women; it followed on work Rock began with the first trial of hormone-based contraception, which took place at his clinic. Enovid’s label stated that it should be used “to regularize menstruation cycles,” and warned that the medication might prevent ovulation and, consequently, conception. When the drug went on the market in 1962, the exhibit notes, “Suddenly, women across the country complained to their doctors of irregular periods.”

This 1970 cartoon, found among Rock’s papers, encapsulates his view that there was no inherent conflict in working on both fertility treatment and contraception—they were two doors into the same room.

On display through September 30 at the Center for the History of Medicine are selected items from the papers and effects of John C. Rock ’15, M.D. ’18, and other items related to his work.

Rock, a professor of gynecology who taught clinical obstetrics for three decades at Harvard Medical School (HMS), is remembered for two landmark professional achievements, both grounded in the notion that women should have control over their own reproductive systems.

Rock (pictured at right) pursued these two tacks with equally intense conviction, said Margaret Marsh, Distinguished Professor of history at Rutgers University and coauthor of the 2008 biography The Fertility Doctor: John Rock and the Reproductive Revolution, at a March 26 symposium to mark the exhibit’s opening. Marsh said that Rock, a practicing Roman Catholic, believed couples should have as many children as they had means to support, but that they should also have the power to stop their families from expanding.

The image gallery includes two samples of family-planning devices from the days before the pill. Rock would have given the “scientific prediction dial” or a similar device to patients in his early days at the Rhythm Clinic, which he founded in 1936 at the Free Hospital for Women (now Brigham and Women’s Hospital). The Rythmeter (circa 1944) came with a more complicated set of instructions. At the time, the rhythm method was the only legal form of contraception in Massachusetts; it was at Rock’s clinic, in the early 1950s, that the first trials of hormone-based birth control took place. Rock advocated for the Food and Drug Administration to approve oral contraceptives (which it did in 1960), and for his church to change its position on birth control (which it did not).

It was also in Rock’s lab that the first successful in vitro fertilization took place. In the image gallery is a photograph of the fertilized ovum from this experiment, which Rock conducted along with HMS colleague Arthur Hertig and laboratory assistant Miriam Menkin in 1944. Research in this area was later banned in the United States; the first in vitro baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978. Since then, more than a million children have been born through this method.

Published in the print edition of the May-June 2009 issue, in the John Harvard's Journal section, under the headline, “A Pioneer in Family Planning ”.