John Harvard's Journal
The China Trade
Tea production in China, c.1790-1800
Image courtesy of the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.
Augustine Heard, of Ipswich, Massachusetts, built on his experience as a brig captain to found his own trading firm to do business in China.
Image courtesy of the Harvard Business School
A receipt for textiles (from the Heard Family business records)
Image courtesy of the Harvard Business School
The merchant Hoqua, portrayed by George Chinnery, c.1830, amassed a $26-million fortune, placing him among the world’s richest men.
Image from Art Resource/©the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Silk samples, c.1850
Image courtesy of the Baker Library Historical Collections/Harvard Business School
The Heard Company flag
Image courtesy of the Ipswich Museum
The company’s 700-ton steamship the Fire Dart, commissioned in 1859-1860 for the Yangtze River trade after the Second Opium War. It flies the Heard colors.
Image courtesy of the Ipswich Museum
![Aymon. "Les quatres fils" [The Four Heard Brothers.]](https://www.harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/styles/4x3_main/public/img/article/0812/jhj-ct-brothers019sm.jpg?itok=SBALgxb1 "Image courtesy of the Ipswich Museum")
Aymon. "Les quatres fils" [The Four Heard Brothers.]
Image courtesy of the Ipswich Museum
Pedder Street Clock Tower and Hongkong Hotel, Central District. Victoria Harbour.
Image courtesy of the University of Hong Kong
Belcher, Edward. Canton and its approaches, Macao and Hong Kong. Map. London: George Cox, Jan. 1st 1853
Image courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection/Harvard College Library
The earliest United States trade with China, it may be hard to remember, began just after independence from Great Britain. It initially involved such goods as tea and textiles, and amounted to tens of thousands of dollars, rather than trillions. The addictive good of the era, shamefully, was opium (a major component of Chinese imports), rather than the torrent of Apple consumer gadgets flowing outward today. Unlike the great European joint-stock enterprises—the Dutch East India Company and its British counterpart—the American traders were New England entrepreneurs who set up private firms or merchant syndicates.
A Chronicle of the China Trade, an elegant exhibit at Baker Library drawing on Harvard Business School’s historical collections (through November 17, and online at www.library.hbs.edu/hc/heard [5]), documents this commerce through the remarkable records of Augustine Heard & Co., from 1840 through 1877 (just one of the library’s collections of such materials). The documentary evidence, complemented by American artifacts and materials on loan from Hong Kong and Shanghai, details the growth of the family business and the swelling volume of cotton, silk, porcelain, and other goods crossing the ocean. It explores rapid institutional change, from the Chinese system of limiting trading to licensed hong monopolies under imperial control, to the forced opening of so-called treaty ports (after the Opium Wars) and the rise of compradors who managed business as trading-house employees. It follows the spread of business from coastal enclaves into China’s interior (a pattern repeated during the past three decades); the physical and social evolution of trade communities; the deployment of game-changing, speedy new technologies (clippers and steamships, antecedents to the modern cargo jet, and the telegraph); and the lubricating effects of new banking services, credit instruments—even (tea) crop futures. And yes, fortunes were made (and lost)—not only by the Heard enterprise but also by Chinese traders who proved utterly adept at business.